The golden ratio is a mathematical miracle thats abundant in nature. T. Engels,
The Best Nest Boxes Birds Will Actually Use for 2022, South Georgia and Tristan da Cunha in the Atlantic, The Top 9 Largest Flying Birds in the World By Wingspan. So the question is, what is the mechanism of propulsion of your dragon? Dividing arm length by the person's height . By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The measurement of the tail is taken from the base of the tail to the tip of the longest feathers. Calculation of the aircraft wing Aspect Ratio The final wing parameter we will introduce now is the wing characteristic sweep angle. The measurement is made by laying the bird on its back and flattening out the head and neck gently and measuring between the tip of the bill and the tip of the tail. http://www.limblengtheningforum.com/index.php?topic=2384.0, [5] Bertamini, M., & Bennett, K. M. (2009). The trade-off is that this type of plane wont be very manoeuvrable. Wingspan-to-height or arm-to-body ratio (ABR) is one way to check if your body is proportional. Birds with high-aspect ratio wings tend toward a soaring style of flight, with their wings held out straight, while low-aspect ratios are associated with more flapping. Males (1.023) had a significantly higher ratio than females (1.001). LBR has a much more significant effect on attractiveness than ABR. N. Nishihashi, and
Smallest wingspan. The animal lived 25 million years ago and was found buried at an airport. C. P. Ellington,
Body length - 58-66 centimeters (22-26 inches) Weight - 700 grams-1.01 kilograms. Why is this sentence from The Great Gatsby grammatical? Their proportionally massive wingspan offers them a few advantages that separate them from many birds on the earth. T. Nakata, and
That is works out to 8.4 pounds per foot of wingspan. What is the point of Thrower's Bandolier? Unlike the Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. On average, this number tends to be 0. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(4), 901-910. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26474977/, [9] Sorowkoski, P. (2012). The total body weight is an important biological measurement, usually used as a proxy for body mass. H. Tanaka, , Biomechanics and biomimetics in insect-inspired flight systems, W. Shyy,
The wingspan of an albatross is what allows it to go the distances required to breed, feed, and live. West was known for his extremely quick jump shot, and when coupled with his length, it formed one of the deadliest jump shots in NBA history. Effect of Leg-to-Body Ratio on Body Shape Attractiveness. Check out our bird wingspan selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our board games shops. No. When expressed as a ratio, Woods has an ape index of 1.06. [9] Birds in captivity are often heavier than wild specimens. The wandering albatross is the largest albatross species and has a wingspan that can reach 12 feet across! I know I said humans couldn't fly. Categories . B. Cheng, and
Pelagornis sandersi was an ancient marine bird with a wingspan nearly twice as large as anything living today. These sea birds glide over the ocean with a wingspan of up to almost 11 feet (3.35 meters), . https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/17/humanbehaviour.psychology, [7] Baer, D. (2014, November 10). We can figure this out by exploring arm-to-body, leg-to-body, and intra-limb (upper-to-lower bone in the same limb) ratios. This measurement is however not suitable for use with living birds that have strong neck musculature such as the cormorants.[7]. Meet the biggest bird in the world, at least in terms of its wingspan. I need to know how big the wings would be for a dragon of a particular size. Add wingtip feathers and the width of the body, and the bird's total wingspan was likely 6.4 m but possibly larger, Ksepka reports online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. "Remarks on the taking and recording of biometric measurements in bird ringing", "Within- and among-observer variation in measurements of animal biometrics and their influence on accurate quantification of common biometric-based condition indices", "The Relative Value of Bird Measurements", "The measurement of overall body size in birds", "Measurement Error of External and skeletal variables in birds and its effect on principal components", "What do different bill measures measure and what is the best method to use in granivorous birds? There are nearly 2,000 different species! The definition of the length of the tail can vary when some of them have elongations, forking or other modifications. Higher fuel consumption: Shorter wider-winged planes and birds have a bigger wing tip edge, which means more induced drag. Aviation Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for aircraft pilots, mechanics, and enthusiasts. I love birds and biology, but I'm horrible at using the right keywords when I look for information. In real life, the ideal proportions for the body depend on the average proportions across the population and what most people find attractive. The "Wandering Albatross" has been declared as the bird with largest wingspan among all the living birds. . These birds are similar in size, with some sources arguing for their slight advantage. What sort of strategies would a medieval military use against a fantasy giant? Sun, , Effects of microfluid in the veins of the deployable hindwings of the Asian ladybeetle on flight performance, A. Shahzad,
Usually, people think of legs and arms measuring closer to the average more attractive, while they see those that differ vastly as unattractive. The proportional body is seven heads to an artist, and the perfect leg length is four heads. S. B. Fuller, and
As a result, the aerodynamics of Argentavis has been fertile ground for speculation for the last 25 years by qualitative analogy with other large flying birds ( 4, 6 - 8 . This is normally measured in feet. Business Insider. N. Gao,
And also like to know this ratio in birds, if there are information about? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Is this assuming a lot of flapping or a negligent amount of flapping of the wings? There is debate among the number of species that exist within the genus, but there are at least 22 commonly recognized species by the IUCN. Here is the plan. That is works out to 2.75 pounds per foot of wingspan. To maintain human body shape ratio and anything even remotely resembling human you would have big problems with an animal like this. [7] This belief leads attractive people to become more confident and develop better social and communication skills. Teratornis a vulture like bird had a wingspan of about 12 feet and weighed about 33 pounds. One of my teachers once said the average bird's wingspan is 1.5 times the body length, but I can't find anything to back it up, or anything else about wingspans. K. Schneider,
Wingspan: 43-57". This measure is then termed as the head. West only stood 6'2 which would make his wingspan 9.5% greater than his height. Regarding creatures with more legs than two (dogs, dragons, horses, griffins etc). Length: 18-26". The breakthroughs and innovations that we uncover lead to new ways of thinking, new connections, and new industries. The Secret to Bruce Lees Superhuman One-Inch Punch. [4][5] In some cases the relative lengths of the longest primaries and the pattern of size variation among them can be important to measure. why does loki have a green cape? Attractive people can use their enhanced skillset to earn better, which means they tend to be happier than those seen as unattractive. wyoming seminary athletic scholarship; Tags . H. Miura, , Insect-model based microrobot with elastic hinges, K. Y. Ma,
Big birds tend to glide more. Scientific American. Wingspan: 12.1 feet. Wingspan is the distance between wingtips when the wings are held outstretched. Generally, high aspect ratio wings give slightly more lift and enable sustained, endurance flight, while low aspect ratio wings are best for swift manoeuvrability. Scientists Identify 3 Reasons Why Attractive People Make More Money. (2008, January 17). ). All rights reserved. Here is a nice shot of the wings so that I can estimate the size: So, 7 meters. M. C. Thompson, , Effects of hawkmoth-like flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings with different shapes and aspect ratios, D. N. Byrne,
The lungs and heart would have to be enormous. On of the heaviest extant flying birds is the Mute swan. In some birds the distance between the back of the skull and the tip of the beak may be more suitable and less prone to variation resulting from the difficulty of interpreting the feathered base of the mandible. Less fuel consumption: Having less induced drag means there is less fuel consumption for planes and birds (fat consumption) so they can keep their speed for a longer time than short wide-winged fliers. Why men and women find longer legs more attractive. Albatrosses as a species are larger than most birds. S. Gorb,
K. Hourigan, and
The wandering albatross often has wingspans reaching 11 feet in length, with some occasionally reaching 12 feet. They are middle-sized albatrosses when compared to the other species and are also only recently distinguished as genera. [11] Even if youve already had your femur lengthened, you may be highly bothered if you think your legs look disproportionate. a larger percentage of bird 1's wingspan is composed of humerus bone. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? This bird has a remarkably stockier body and a larger bill-to-body ratio than the Downy Woodpecker. How to make a dragon's whip even deadlier? For all intents and purposes, this power behaves like a caching effect that draws from your personal supply. Beak Length: 7.4-9.4 inches. Can airtags be tracked from an iMac desktop, with no iPhone? Such a large wingspan does not seem feasible. Induced drag is created at the tips of the wings where the high pressure air from beneath the wing comes up over the wing tips into the low pressure zone. Yes, Light Pollution Erases Stars From the Sky. It is however useful in quantifying growth in laboratory conditions and for use in clinical diagnostics as an indicator of physiological conditions, and it is a fundamental quantity in bird aerodynamics. An example of a human body ratio is a person's arm spanthe distance from the left hand's middle fingertip to the right hand's middle fingertip when stretching out both . WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. That means the fuselage also calculated. The frigatebird is the largest of the five frigatebird species and has the largest wingspan-to-body size ratio of any bird. The leg to body ratio is the ratio of the total leg length to your height. . ERROR: CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW WITH DATA cannot be executed from a function, Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. Aspect ratio = wing length (m)/wing width (m) Generally, high aspect ratio wings give slightly more lift and enable sustained, endurance flight, while low aspect ratio wings are best for swift manoeuvrability. Enter words / phrases / DOI / ISBN / authors / keywords / etc. The wandering albatross is often viewed as the largest albatross species in the world. Answer: * Birds are the most versatile flying machines. The conventions used for measurement can vary widely between authors and works, making comparisons of sizes a matter that needs considerable care.[1]. Measuring the inseam length from the groin to the base of the foot is another way of calculating LBR, but this is generally less accurate. [8], In some cases it is more reliable to measure the distance between the back of the skull and the tip of the bill. A 1973 Cessna 177, a sleeker version of the 177 (more streamlined, no struts), has a wing loading of 14.4 Lbs/Sq ft. Or, 0.069 sq ft/lb An adult male barn swallow has a wingspan of 32-34.5 cm (12.6-13.6 in) and weighs 16-22 g (0.56-0.78 oz). Who has the shortest wingspan in the world? bird wingspan to body ratio. In todays image-focused and social media-driven world, having a proportionate body has become more and more desired, especially in the leg lengthening community. Aspect ratio: 6.48. There are at least 22 albatross species, with a possible 24 debated by some researchers. Dead birds tend to weigh less than in life. Mi cuenta; Carrito; Finalizar compra Y. Chen,
8. This gives us a range from about 3 pounds per foot of wing span to 14 pounds per foot of wingspan. On the other hand, arm length is the distance between the ball of the shoulder and the wrist. Male Great Horned Owl. In most cases the tarsus is held bent but in some cases the measurement may be made of the length of this bone as visible on the outer side of the bend to the base of the toes. Let me just say that I, for one, welcome our human bird winged overlords. The wandering albatross often has wingspans reaching 11 feet in length, with some occasionally reaching 12 feet. T. Nakata,
This majestic bird is a member of the vulture family and can be found in the mountains and valleys of South America. This appears naturally all over your body. Ad Choices. Several of the measurements are considered quite constant and well defined, at least in the vast majority of birds. As is typical with birds of prey, the female of the species is considerably larger than the male. That works out to a wingspan of 4000 feet to 857 feet. Press J to jump to the feed. A low aspect ratio indicates short, wide wings. Here, we address a simulation-based study of the WBMR effects on insect flapping flights with a specific focus on unraveling whether some optimal WBMR exists in balancing the flapping aerodynamics and body control in terms of body pitch oscillation and power consumption. To best illustrate the leg to body ratio, you have to . Whats the Ideal Wingspan-to-Height (Arm-to-Body) Ratio? Obviously, it is the best ape index all over the world at the moment. On the other hand, artists use head heights to draw realistic anatomy. Unmotorized? 90-127 cm. N. Nasir, and
Tatum, at 6 8 tall, has a fairly typical height to wingspan ratio for an NBA player. R. Xu,
Here's a list of 19 birds with big beaks, and their pictures, to help you better understand just how unique they are. How is a bird's wingspan measured? Oh, you can find more details on their site at Human Bird Wings. A study of over 300 women that examined the effect of ABR on attractiveness found that an ideal ABR doesnt exist, and ABR by itself didnt have any impact on mens appeal.[2]. The preference for leg-to-body (LBR) correlates quite strongly with people usually seen as having perfect bodies lean models, well-built actors, and physically intimidating athletes. Z. J. Wang, , Fruit flies modulate passive wing pitching to generate in-flight turns, Muscle efficiency and elastic storage in the flight motor of Drosophila, This option allows users to search by Publication, Volume and Page. This basic plan has become so modified during the course of evolution that in some forms it is difficult to recognize.. As a rule, small birds have lower ratios - the common ruby-throated hummingbird has a ratio of .025 oz/in, while most large birds are over 1.0 (some as high as 5). 102 cm. Limb Lengthening An Overview. P. Chirarattananon,
Creating winged creatures part 1: Wingspan. III. The average adult bald eagle has a wingspan of about 2.3 meters (7.5 feet). Body length - 58-66 centimeters (22-26 inches) Weight - 700 grams-1.01 kilograms. Shoebill. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. (2018). Wingspan - 115-118 centimeters (45-46 inches) Lifespan - 10-15 years. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Martial arts moves can seem magical, but maybe they just display a mastery of physics. Where does this (supposedly) Gibson quote come from? Dividing arm length by the persons height gives the ABR, and ABR tends to be more accurate than the wingspan-to-height ratio. To revist this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. H. G. Spangler, , Relationship between wing loading, wingbeat frequency and body mass in homopterous insects, Wing-beat frequencies, wing-areas and masses of flying insects and hummingbirds, H. Liu,
Due to the sheer number of birds affected by the Australian wildfires, Stonemaier Games announced early that the next expansion for Wingspan will focus on the region of Oceania. I can't exactly solve for a, b, and K since I have three variables and 2 things (slope and intercept). The aspect ratio of a wing is calculated as b2/S , where b is the wingspan and S is the surface area of the wing. https://www.businessinsider.in/strategy/scientists-identify-3-reasons-why-attractive-people-make-more-money/articleshow/45102751.cms, [8] Kiire, S. (2016). A. P. Willmott, , A computational fluid dynamic study of hawkmoth hovering, The aerodynamics of revolving wings I. Whether youre looking into tibial lengthening or just height surgery itself, the body you desire is within your reach. 10 Kevin Durant H. C. Park, , Relationship between wingbeat frequency and resonant frequency of the wing in insects, The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/human-body-ratios/, [4] Wingspan to body height ratio. Taking off from the water surface is a piece of cake, thanks to its fully webbed toes. Generally, they are much smaller, but they can get heavier than an albatross. On its own, the ratio of the femur to tibia doesnt have a noticeable effect on attractiveness. P. Schtzner, , Elastic deformation and energy loss of flapping fly wings, K. Suzuki,
The most important thing though is that . How big would a dragon's wings need to be? Albatross Wingspan & Size: How Big Are They. The mollymawks are some of the most common albatrosses around. . Despite the variations, measurements are routinely taken in the process of bird ringing and for other studies. Most "When Activated" powers (brown . HSS. In a study conducted by Mobius and Rosenblat, employers were willing to give a 10.5% higher salary to potential employees simply by looking at their photographs.[7]. You won't believe the size of the wings on this bat! Larger wingspans of about 13.8 and 17 feet have been reported but they were not verified. Also, he just kind of flew. Wingspan-to-height or arm-to-body ratio (ABR) is one way to check if your body is proportional. Da Vinci and the Divine Proportion in Art Composition. rev2023.3.3.43278. * 'Wing Loading' shows the differences between birds with similar wing shapes but different sizes. Length: 1.1-1.3 inches Wingspan: 6-7 inches Weight: 2 grams These are interesting looking bats that have a pig-like nose, no tail, and with ears and a wingspan that are disproportionately large to its incredibly small body. A versatile, integrated computational model of hovering flight that couples flapping-wing-and-body aerodynamics and three degree of freedom body dynamics was employed to analyze free-flight body dynamics, flapping aerodynamics, and power cost for three typical insects of a fruit fly, a bumblebee, and a hawkmoth over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (. The Shoebill is also known as the whalehead or whale-headed stork for its enormous, shoe-shaped bill. A Little-Known Inflammatory Disease Is Hiding in Plain Sight. More fuel would be needed to keep them at a constant speed. Veteran Wingspan players are familiar with the sour taste of a whiffed bonus card draw. W. Shyy,
Even within the species, however, there are some that are larger than the others. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. G. Li, , Unsteady bio-fluid dynamics in flying and swimming, F.-O. C.-K. Kang,
The wingspan is divided by the total height, giving the ape index. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. rev2023.3.3.43278. 15-Plus Foods They Love! An albatross can go long distances in the air, landing on water to rest when its needed. With the 22 different species and four different genera, the question often comes up: which albatross has the largest wingspan? Less induced drag Long, narrow wings also have less induced drag than shorter wider wings. Their massive wings, which can reach a width of nearly 2.4 meters (7 ft 10 in), allow them to soar above the water to forage in the waters below. Women have longer legs and have a higher leg-to-body ratio than men. LegLengtheningSurgery.com does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All measurement is prone to error, both systematic and random. Categories . There are windows of opportunity for even the best cards. This is important because a bird should be able to totally extend its wings (in the cage) and flap them vigorously for exercise. It shines when your opponents use a lot of shared resource effects, and you have more food than you can effectively utilize. How to calculate sink rate from wing measurements. Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes. The wing is usually measured from the carpal joint (the bend of the wing) to the tip of the longest primary feathers. J. Tong,
This large species of vulture has a wingspan of up to 10. [3] An easy way to indicate this is the ape index the difference between wingspan and height. With an estimated mass of 70-72 kg and a wingspan of 7 m, it was the world's largest known flying bird ( 1 - 10 ), about the size of a Cessna 152 light aircraft. 1. Navigation. The other competitor for the worlds largest flying bird is the Southern royal albatross. It only takes a minute to sign up. Our total donation was $7,439 USD ($10,834 . On the other hand, if the wingspan is 63 inches, the ape index will be -3. bird wingspan to body ratio port deposit, md real estate. This bird is found in Europe, Asia, China, India, and Russia in shallow waters and lakes. Paley Orthopedic & Spine Institute. Aspect ratio refers to the proportion of the wingspan to the average chord (that is, the length of the wing front-to-back). These standards cant necessarily be applied to actual humans, though. Aspect ratio = wing length (m)/wing width (m). R. J. [2][3] The weights of birds are even more prone to variability with their feeding and health condition and in the case of migratory species differ quite widely across seasons even for a single individual. This meeting place of different air pressures becomes a turbulent area creating induced drag. Length: 4.3-5.2 feet Wingspan: 7.5 feet The Whooping Crane used to be abundant and had a traditional range of all of North America. H. Aono,
C.-k. Kang,
A strong positive correlation . So a dragon would need much larger wings if it needs to be able to take off without a running start or jumping from a high place. N. Gao,
All rights reserved. Femur-to-tibia is an intra-limb ratio that has at least a slight impact on perceived attractiveness as well.[2]. Latest model? This ratio of 1:1 isnt set in stone, though, as depending on height and torso length, a minor difference of up to about 5-10 cm isnt significant enough to be noticeable.[4]. An adult male barn swallow has a wingspan of 3234.5 cm (12.613.6 in) and weighs 1622 g (0.560.78 oz). Young, and
Sooty albatrosses breed on islands in the sub-Antarctic but range along the Southern Ocean from South America all the way to Australia. This measurement is particularly prone to variation resulting from wing posture and is rarely used except as a rough indicator of size, but it is an important measurement for studies of bird flight. The official maximum wingspan on record is 12.1 feet. F.-B. [1] Meisner, G. (2014, July 7). Tristan albatross: Tristan albatross also belong to the same family like wandering albatross. Such a large wingspan does not seem feasible. How wide and long would the wings need to be for it to fly? Length: 43-60 inches. H. Liu, W. Shyy,
What am I doing wrong here in the PlotLegends specification? Similar math can be done for other birds. What are the Golden Ratios for the arms and legs, then? The really small birds seemed to fit a different function than the bigger birds. Where $A$ is the area of the wing, $L$ is the mass of the dragon, $v$ is the velocity that the dragon needs to achieve flight, $\rho$ is the density of air, and $C_L$ is the lift coefficient (usually close to 1 for most flying creatures). That. The aspect ratio of a wing is important as generally the higher the aspect ratio (longer and narrower wings) the lower the induced drag produced by the wing at a given speed. From 'The Simple Science of Flight', by Henk Tennekes, MIT Press, https://mitpress-request.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262513135_sch_0001.pdf. I love birds and biology, but I'm horrible at using the right keywords when I look for information. It's the tallest bird of the New World, with males standing nearly 5 feet tall with a truly gigantic wingspan of 7.5 feet - nearly 1.5 times their height! Like the great albatrosses, the mollymawks live in the Southern Hemisphere and were only recently distinguished as a separate group. Even during the course of a day, the weight can vary by 5 to 10%. Ok. The wingspan on an airplane is the distance measured from one wingtip to the other wingtip. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. I. Cohen, and
[9] When he isn't distracted by his backyard birdfeeder, you can find him camping, exploring, and telling everyone around him about what he's recently learned. Do new devs get fired if they can't solve a certain bug? Second place for the largest bird in the world goes to the great white pelican and its 12-foot wingspan. [2] In the long run, though, the leg-to-body ratio has a much more significant effect on attractiveness. This measurement is however extremely prone to error and is rarely ever used for any comparative or other scientific study. Did I actually say that? [6] Women, on the other hand, benefit from a higher LBR. Simply put in your email and we'll discretely email you when STRYDE is back on the market. How can I calculate the TOTAL drag of the ENTIRE airplane? Wing shapes and sizes of both birds and planes determine how they might perform or what they might be capable of (for example, gliding, sustained high speed and manoeuvrability). Genetic analyses show a newly discovered condition called Vexas is more common than previously thoughtand could explain some patients undiagnosed symptoms. The largest specimens come in at 32 pounds with a wing and of 7.8 feet. K. Ueyama,
Pick an average weight, 0.67 oz = 0.041 lbs, and the result is 0.28 sq ft/0.041 lbs = 6.68 sq ft/lb. H. Liu, , Aerodynamics, sensing and control of insect-scale flapping-wing flight, Mechanisms and implications of animal flight maneuverability, Y. Nan,
A new kind of edgeless engineered tissue can fit any irregular shape, paving the way for hand and face grafts that look and move better. S = Wing's area. Since then, many adaptations have been sculpted by natural selection, making birds the unique group they are today. Lesson: Human Body Ratios. There are a . T. Nakata,
As part of this activity, students visit the PowerPlay exhibit at the Children's Museum of Houston. I. Okada, and
(Grades 3-7) Selecting this option will search the current publication in context. On the other hand, if the wingspan is 175 while the height is 170, the ape index will be 1.03. If he is a 18-feet diameter sphere with extra 1 foot for head and tail each, it can fly without wings if it is full of any gas that is lighter than the surrounding air. Using Kolmogorov complexity to measure difficulty of problems? Surgery | Written by Joshua Leaf | Updated on January 28, 2022. L. Mahadevan, , Computational analysis of size, shape and structure of insect wings, Z. Bird measurement or bird biometrics are approaches to quantify the size of birds in scientific studies. Hence, if the wingspan is longer than height, the ape index will be greater than 1. The average LBR is 0.529 for both men and women when measured from groin to base of the foot. This survey will open in a new tab and you can fill it out after your visit to the site. Then the wing area is about $200\,$m^2, or $100\,$m^2 per wing. The peregrine falcon, for example, tucks its wings in (producing a low aspect ratio) for swift manoeuvrability. Update the question so it focuses on one problem only by editing this post. H. Aono,
The Great bustard, for instance, is the heaviest flying bird in the world.
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Madison Capitols Roster 2021, 911 Fanfiction Buck Ignored, St Margaret's Hospital Epping Outpatients, Articles B